Food items that are unprocessed and do not contain preservatives, artificial colours, chemicals, fillers, artificial flavours etc are called as Natural foods. Natural foods are the best source of nutrition and health. Substances added to natural food to preserve fl avour and increase their life are named as food additives. When food is to be stored for a long period, additives and preservatives are required to maintain the quality and fl avour of the food items. The additives and preservatives prevent bacterial and fungal growth due to excess water in the foods [1]. Additives are defi ned by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as “any substance, the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food.” Direct additives are those that are intentionally added to foods for a specifi c purpose. Indirect additives are those to which the food is exposed during processing, packaging, or storing. Preservatives are additives that inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and moulds in foods [2].

Breast and prostate cancer are the two most common invasive cancers in women and men, respectively. Although these cancers arise in organs that are different in terms of structure and function, both organs require sexual hormones for their development, and tumors that arise from them are typically hormone-dependent and have extraordinary affinity each other [1]. That breast and prostate cancer share several biological, genetic and epidemiological aspects is known since 1950s. Pioneering studies designed to ascertain the genetic bases of breast cancer detected a higher frequency of prostate cancer among the relatives of women with breast cancer, which led them to propose that prostate cancer could be the male equivalent of at least some female mammary carcinomas [2].

The 5-year cumulative incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HBV -infected liver cirrhosis (LC) patients was up to 5%-30%. However, existing medical interventions can’t cure chronic HBV -infected LC patient. At present, the association between risk factors and development of chronic HBV -infected HCC have been explored by previous studies, but the results remains inconsistent. We took the chronic HBV -infected LC patients as the research object. We systematically searched for studies evaluating whether those proposed factors changed HCC risk from Chinese Medical Journal Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Pubmed, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, OVID, EBSCO in BoKu data service platform. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confi dence intervals (CI) were calculated by Review Manager 5.0. In this meta-analysis, 1088 cases and 602 controls from 6 studies were included. Our results showed that pooled OR with 95% CI for the factors analyzed were: non-antiviral treatment 3.59(2.73, 4.72), high HBV DNA levels 3.12(2.29, 4.25), drinking alcohol 1.86(1.41, 2.26), a family history of HCC 10.12(4.23,24.25), male gender 1.48(1.13, 1.95), smoking 2.93(1.99, 4.40), a history of diabetes mellitus 5.87(3.06, 11.27), a family history of HBV 1.20(0.92,1.57), a history of fatty liver 2.29(1.22,4.32) and HBeAg positive 2.05(1.15, 3.68), respectively. Non-antiviral treatment, high HBV DNA levels, drinking alcohol, smoking,a family history of HCC, male gender, a history of diabetes mellitus, a history of fatty liver and HBeAg positive can increase the development risk of HCC in chronic HBV -infected LC patients from currently available evidence.

We present chest wall reconstruction with titanium mesh in a patient who underwent sternal resection due to solitary plasmacytoma (SP). A 35 year old female was admitted to The Thoracic Surgery Department of University Clinical Center Tuzla with pain and tender upper-sternal swelling. Thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hypo dense wll-shaped rounded mass involving manubrium streni which was 40mmx40mm in size measured by two right angle perpendicular diameters. Affected part was resected together with removal of sternoclavicular and costochondral junctions and reconstruction with titanium mesh was performed.